What is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
TBI is a disruption in brain function caused by an external force, such as a blow, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head.
Pathophysiology:
The trauma causes brain tissue damage, bleeding, swelling, and increased intracranial leading to temporary or permanent brain dysfunction.
Causes & Risk Factors:
Falls
Road traffic accidents
Sports injuries
Violence (assault, gunshot)
Military combat injuries
Signs & Symptoms:
TBI (Concussion): Headache, confusion, dizziness, nausea
Moderate/Severe TBI: Loss of consciousness, seizures, slurred speech, vision issues, memory loss, behavioral changes
Diagnosis:
Neurological exam
CT scan or MRI
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scoring
Treatment:
Mild TBI: Rest, monitoring, symptom management
Severe TBI: ICU care, surgery (to reduce pressure), medications
Rehabilitation: Physical, occupational & speech therapy
Complications:
disorders (depression, anxiety)
Seizures
Coma or death
Prevention:
Wear helmets during sports & biking
Use seatbelts & follow road safety
Avoid high-risk behaviors
