rabies virus and affects, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

                                 Rabies

                                                                                   "The Death Bite "

Introduction:

Rabies is a very dangerous viral infection that is caused by the rabies virus and affects the brain and nervous system. This virus spreads through the bite or contact with the saliva of infected animals (mostly dogs).

Causes:

Rabies (Lyssavirus) - This is a RNA virus, which affects the brain and spinal cord.

Animal Bite - This virus spreads through the bite of infected animals (dogs, cats, monkeys, wolves, foxes, bats, etc.).Contact with animal scratches or saliva - If virus infected saliva goes into a wound or mucous membrane (eye, nose, mouth), there is a risk of getting rabies.

Symptoms:

1. Prodromal Phase (Initial Symptoms):

Fever, headache, weakness, Nausea, vomiting

Itching, tingling, (around bite )

Anxiety aur confusion

2. Neurologic Phase (Severe symptoms):

Hydrophobia (fear of water)

Aerophobia (Afraid of even the wind)

Muscle spasms aur seizures

Paralysis | Respiratory failure (death due to respiratory arrest)

Diagnosis:

Test (RT-PCR) - To detect viruses.

Skin Biopsy (Nape of Neck).

CSF & Blood Tests - To check for antibodies.

MRI Scan - To see the changes taking place in the brain.

Treatment: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis:

Wound Cleaning -15-20 min (Betadine, Alcohol).

Rabies Vaccine - 4 Dose (Day 0, 3, 7, 14).

Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) -  injection surrounding bite.

Food Poisoning- Introduction, Causes, Symptom, Diagnosis,Treatment.

                       Food Poisoning

                                                                                          "poison-e-taste "

Introduction:

Food poisoning is an acute (sudden) illness that occurs due to eating or drinking contaminated food or water. This dirty food or water contains harmful germs or their toxins.

Causes:

Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, botulinum

Viruses: Norovirus, Hepatitis A

Parasites: Giardia, Toxoplasma

Toxins: Staph toxin, Botulinum toxin

Improperly cooked food, stale food, or dirty water most common reasons .

Contaminated -When harmful germs (bacteria, viruses, etc.) get onto a non-living thing (like food, water, surfaces.

 Symptoms:

Symptoms usually begin within 2-6 hours or a few days:

Nausea  | Vomiting.

Diarrhea (watery toilet)

Stomach cramps 

Fever | Headache | Body weakness or fatigue.

Severe cases: Dehydration, blood in stool.

Loss of appetite

Diagnosis:

Clinical History (First step) – Take all the details

Physical Examination - Dry mouth, low BP, sunken eyes.

Stool test: Bacteria identify.

Blood tests: CBC | Electrolytes Level.

Vomitus analysis: Sometimes vomit samples are also taken.

Food sample testing: Suspected foods are tested.

Treatment:

ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution):The most important first.

IV fluids: NS | RL.

Antiemetics (to stop vomiting): Ondansetron | Domperidone

Antidiarrheals: Loperamide (when no blood in stool)

Antibiotics: Azithromycin | Metronidazole | Ciprofloxacin

Probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus

Kidney Stones- Types of Kidney, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

                                                                                                                Kidney Stones

Introduction:

Kidney stones occur when there is lack of water in the body and minerals and salts become excessive, which get concentrated and slowly get deposited in the kidney and form stones.

Less water + More salts = Kidney Stones

Minerals -These are basic elements or inorganic compounds that are found naturally in the body such as calcium, phosphate, magnesium, oxalate, uric acid.

Salts When these minerals combine with each other they form salts – for example calcium + oxalate = calcium oxalate salt.

Types of Kidney Stones:

Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones(most common).

Struvite Stones - They are formed because of UTI.

Uric Acid Stones - Due to gout or high purine diet.

Cystine Stones - Rare, genetic disorder (cystinuria) 

Causes:

Dehydration (drink less water)

High salt, protein, or sugar diet

Obesity, Family history, Recurrent UTIs

Certain conditions (Gout, hyperparathyroidism)

Symptoms:

Severe Flank Pain - In the side part of the stomach or lower back.

Burning and water while urinating.

Hematuria - Blood in urine.

Frequent urination| Nausea, vomiting.

Cloudy or Foul-Smelling Urine.

Diagnosis:

Urinalysis (blood, crystals, infection detect ) Blood tests (calcium, uric acid levels)

Ultrasound | X-ray | CT Scan (most accurate)

Treatment:

For Small Stones (≤ 5 mm):

2-3 litres of water throughout the day.

NSAIDs: Ibuprofen, Diclofenac.

Antispasmodics: Drotaverine.

Alpha-blockers: Relaxes ureter.

For Large Stones (> 5-10 mm):

Ureteroscopy

Nephrolithotomy

• Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Surgery.

Hepatitis-Types & Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

                           Hepatitis

                                                                   " Liver swelling

Introduction:

Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease caused by viral infection or exposure to toxic substances. It affects the function of the liver, which is necessary for digestion, detoxification and metabolism

Types & Causes of Hepatitis:

Viral Hepatitis:

Hepatitis A - Contaminated food/water 

Hepatitis B - Blood/unsafe intercourse spread .

Hepatitis C - From blood, it causes cirrhosis.

Hepatitis D -It only happens to Hepatitis B patients and is severe.

Hepatitis E - Pregnancy risk due to Contaminated water 

Non-Viral Hepatitis:

1. Alcoholic Hepatitis - By consuming too much alcohol.

2. Autoimmune Hepatitis - When the immune system becomes the enemy.

3. Drug-Induced Hepatitis - Paracetamol overdose, antibiotics.

Symptoms:

Jaundice - Skin and eyes turn yellow

Fatigue | weakness | Nausea | vomiting | Don't feel hungry.

pain near the liver | Dark urine | Pale stool.

Cirrhosis.

Ascites - Swelling in legs & abdomen.

Diagnosis:

Function Tests (LFTs) - ALT, AST, Bilirubin) 

Serological Tests - Virus  antibodies and antigens detection.

PCR Test - Viral RNA, DNA detect (B, C me useful).

Liver Biopsy -In Severe cases check liver damage.

Ultrasound / Fibro Scan.

Treatment:

Hepatitis A & E - Self-limiting, requires rest, hydration.

Hepatitis B & D - Antiviral medications (Tenofovir, Entecavir).

Hepatitis C - Sofosbuvir, Ribavirin, Interferon.

Severe Cases - Liver transplant.

Abortion - "medication," "surgical," "access,

                           Abortion

                                               "Screams from the Womb "

Introduction:

Abortion is the process of terminating a pregnancy – naturally or intentionally.

Types of Abortion:

1. Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage):

This abortion happens naturally – without any medical intervention.

Causes:

Chromosomal abnormalities

Infections

Hormonal imbalance

Stress ya injury

Maternal diseases (like diabetes, thyroid)

This is a common pregnancy complication, and it does not mean that it was the woman's fault.

2. Induced Abortion:

This abortion is done intentionally due to medical or personal reasons.

A) Medical Abortion -By using medicine.

It is safe and effective for 2 months.

Mifepristone - It blocks the progesterone hormone.

- This causes the uterus to contract.

There are cramps and bleeding like periods.

B) Surgical Abortion -

Manual Vacuum Aspiration - The tissues are removed from the uterus using suction.

Dilation & Curettage -The lining of the uterus is removed by dilating the cervix.

Dilation & Evacuation - Tissues are removed using surgical instruments and suction.

eye Cataract, Types of Cataract, eye catract Diagnosis

                                           Cataract:

Introduction:

Cataract is a condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, making things difficult to see clearly.

Causes:

Aging (most common)

Diabetes mellitus

Eye injury, Long-term steroid use

Excessive UV light exposure

Smoking & alcohol, Family history

Symptoms:

 blurred vision

Cloudy  vision, faded colors

Glare or  light sensitivity, Night vision problem.

Double vision in one eye

Changing glasses frequently

Types of Cataract:

Nuclear - divided in the center of the lens

Cortical cataract - starts at the outer edge of the lens

Posterior subcapsular - is formed behind the lens

Congenital cataract - from birth or in childhood

Diagnosis:

Visual acuity test - Let's check vision with the "Snellen Chart

Slit lamp examination -  look through a special microscope.

Tonometry - Eye pressure is measured.

Retinal exam - The retina is checked by dilating the pupil.

Treatment: 

most effective treatment is surgery 

Stronger eyeglasses, magnifying lenses, sunglasses.

Phacoemulsification - Artificial intraocular lenses (IOLS) are inserted by breaking and removing the lens using ultrasound waves.

Extracapsular Cataract Extraction -The lens is removed from the larger incision and stitches are applied.

Frostbite Signs ,Symptoms Management & First Aid

                  Frostbite

Frostbite happens when skin and underlying tissues freeze due to extreme cold exposure. It mostly affects fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks, and chin.

Causes of Frostbite:

Prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures

Wind chill & wet clothing

Poor circulation or tight clothing

Direct contact with frozen surfaces

Signs & Symptoms:

Stage 1 (Frostnip) - Numbness, tingling, red

Stage 2 (Superficial Frostbite) - swelling

Stage 3 (Deep Frostbite) - Skin turns black

Management & First Aid:

Move to a warm place immediately

wet clothes & cover with warm blankets

Soak affected area in warm water (37-39°C)

Avoid direct heat (fire, heating pads) to prevent burns

Do not rub or massage the area it can worsen tissue damage.

Seek medical help if blisters or black skin appear

Brain Tumor

 Brain Tumor

What is a Brain Tumor?

A cancerous or non-cancerous mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain.

Pathophysiology:

Tumor cells grow uncontrollably, compressing or invading brain tissue, disrupting normal brain function, and increasing intracranial pressure.

Types of Brain Tumors:

a. Primary Tumors:

1. Gliomas (e.g., astrocytoma, glioblastoma)

2. Meningiomas

3. Pituitary

4. Medulloblastomas

5. Schwannomas

b. Secondary (Metastatic) Tumors:

Spread from cancers elsewhere (lung, breast, etc.)

Causes & Risk Factors:

Genetic mutations

Family history of brain tumors

Exposure to radiation

Weakened immune system

Certain inherited conditions (e.g., NF1, Li-Fraumeni)

Signs & Symptoms:

Persistent headaches

Nausea & vomiting

Seizures

Vision or hearing problems

Memory loss & confusion

Weakness or numbness in limbs

Balance & coordination issues

Diagnosis:

MRI or CT scan

Biopsy (to confirm tumor type)

examination

Treatment:

Surgery (if operable)

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Targeted or immunotherapy

Rehabilitation (physical, occupational therapy)

Types of saline and their Uses

 

Uses of saline

Use of NS:

Dehydration

Hyponatremia

Wound washing

Electrolyte Imbalance

DNS  NEVER USE IN THIS PATIENTS :

Diabetic patient

Heart patient

Kidney patient

Pulmonary Edema

Use of Mannitol :

To increase urination

Acute Renal failure

Cerebral Edema

Glaucoma

NaCl

Use of DNS:

Dehydration

Hypoglycemia

Fluid Maintenance

USE OF RL:

Burn

Acute Blood Loss

Hypotension

Shock

Acidosis

Use of Isolyte :

Multiple Electrolyte and Dextrose injection

Dextrose-5gm

Sodium Acetate-0.32gm

Potassium Chloride-0.13gm

Magnestuen Cleocide-0.31gm

Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate-0.026gm

Asthma awareness

Asthma

It is a chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, and mucus production, leading to difficulty in breathing.

Types of Asthma :

Allergic (Extrinsic) - Triggered by allergens (pollen, dust).

Non-Allergic (Intrinsic) - Caused by infections, stress, or weather.

Exercise-Induced - Worsened by physical activity.

Occupational - Due to workplace irritants.

Causes & Risk Factors:

Genetics

Allergies & respiratory infections

Air pollution & smoking

Exposure to chemicals & dust

Relaxed smooth muscles

Signs & Symptoms :

Alveoli

Wheezing & shortness of breath

Chest tightness

Chronic cough (worse at night/early morning)

Increased mucus production

Tightened smooth muscles

Mucus

Diagnosis:

Spirometry Measures lung function

Peak Flow Test - Checks airway narrowing

Allergy & blood tests - Identify triggers

Chest X-ray

Inhalers (Bronchodilators, Steroids)

Anti inflammatory drugs

Avoidance of triggers

Oxygen therapy

Complications:

Frequent lung infections

Respiratory failure

Prevention:

Avoid triggers (smoke, allergens, pollution)

prescribes medicas.and.nazmul

ractice breathing cythmss Origin:

Asthma is more than just a wheeze.

What is Pulmonary Fibrosis

PULMONARY FIBROSIS

What is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

It is a chronic lung disease where lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff, making breathing difficult.

Causes:

Idiopathic (Unknown cause)

Long-term exposure to toxins (dust, chemicals, smoke)

Autoimmune diseases (RA, Scleroderma)

Infections or chronic lung inflammation

Signs & Symptoms:

Shortness of breath

Persistent dry cough

Fatigue & weakness

Chest discomfort

Unexplained weight loss

Management:

Medications to slow progression

therapy for easier breathing

Pulmonary rehab for better lung function

Prevention & Care:

Avoid smoking & exposure to lung irritants

Stay active with gentle exercises

Maintain a healthy diet

Practice deep breathing techniques

Pneumonia averness, lungs health, what is pneumoniae ?

Pneumonia

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus.

Pathophysiology:

Infectious agents invade the lungs, causing alveolar inflammation, fluid accumulation, and impaired oxygen exchange.

Pneumonia Causes & Risk Factors:

Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)

Viruses (flu, COVID-19)

Fungi (in immunocompromised people)

Aspiration of food/liquids

Chronic illnesses (COPD, diabetes)

Smoking

Weakened immune system

Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms:

High fever & chills

Productive cough

Chest pain

Shortness of breath

Fatigue

Diagnosis of Pneumonia :

Chest X-ray

Blood & sputum tests

Pulse oximetry

Physical exam

Treatment for pneumonia:

Antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia)

Antivirals (for viral pneumonia)

Rest, fluids, oxygen therapy (if needed)

Hospitalization (for severe cases)

Complications of pneumonia:

Respiratory failure

Sepsis

Lung abscess

Artery Disease

Coronary Artery Disease

What is CAD?

CAD occurs when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to the heart.

Pathophysiology:

Plaque (fat, cholesterol, calcium) accumulates in the arterial walls, leading to atherosclerosis. This narrows the arteries and may cause inflammation, reducing oxygen delivery to the heart.

Causes:

* Smoking

* High blood

 Pressure*

 High cholesterol

* Obesity

* Diabetes

* Sedentary lifestyle

Diagnosis:

* Blood tests

* ECG/EKG

* Echocardiogram

* Stress tests

* Coronary Angiography

Signs & symptoms:

* Chest pain

* Shortness of breath

* Fatigue

* Heart attack

Treatment:

1. Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet, exercise.

2. Medications: Statins, beta-blockers, aspirin.

3. Procedures: Angioplasty, stent placement, CABG.

Note: Early diagnosis and lifestyle changes can significantly improve outcomes.

Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, blood pressure

Heart Rate (HR) :

The number of times your heart beats per minute (bpm).

Normal Resting HR: 60-100 bpm

Athletes: 40-60 bpm

Tachycardia: >100 bpm

Bradycardia: <60 bpm

Cardiac Output (CO) :

The total volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

Formula: CO = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate

Normal Range: 4-8 L/min

Stroke Volume (SV) :

amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per heartbeat.

Normal Range: 60-100 mL/beat

Blood Pressure (BP) :

The force exerted by circulating blood on artery walls.

Normal: 120/80 mmHg

Hypertension: ≥ 140/90 mmHg

Hypotension: ≤ 90/60 mmHg

Hemothorax details and causes

 

What is Hemothorax?

It is the accumulation of blood in the pleural space, the area between the lungs and the chest wall.

Hemothorax Causes:

Chest Accumulation of blood

Rib fractures

Lung Cancer

Blood clotting disorders

Tuberculosis

Hemothorax Signs & Symptoms:

pain

Shortness of breath

Rapid heartbeat

Low blood pressure

Cold, clammy skin

Decreased breath sounds on the affected side

Dullness to percussion over the chest.

 Hemothorax diagnosis:

Chest Ultrasound (FAST scan)

CT scan

Thoracentesis

Hemothorax Management:

Chest tube insertion to drain blood

IV fluids and blood transfusion

Surgery (thoracotomy)

Oxygen therapy to support breathing

Monitoring for infection

Hemothorax complications :

Hypovolemic shock

Infection

Lung collapse

Lung Cancer Full details and causes

Lung Cancer

What is Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, which can spread to other parts of the body.

Pathophysiology:

utations in lung cell DNA lead to uncontrolled cell division, forming tumors that invade healthy lung tissue and may spread (metastasize).

Types of lung cancer:

1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) - Most common (85%)

2. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) - Fast-growing, more aggressive

Risk Factors of lung cancer:

Smoking (primary cause)

Secondhand smoke

Air pollution & asbestos exposure

Trachea

Cut lung

history

Radon gas exposure

Lung

Cancer

Signs & Symptoms of lung cancer :

Persistent cough

Chest pain

Coughing up blood

Shortness of breath

Unexplained weight loss

Fatigue

Diagnosis for lunch Cancer 🦀:

Chest X-ray & CT scan

Bronchoscopy

Biopsy

PET scan & MRI (for staging)

Treatment for lung cancer:

Surgery (early stage)

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Targeted therapy & immunotherapy

CARDIAC ARREST, heart attack

 What is Cardiac Arrest?

It occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating, cutting off blood flow to the brain and vital organs. It's a medical emergency requiring immediate action.

Pathophysiology:

The heart's electrical system malfunctions, disrupting its normal rhythm. This often leads to ventricular fibrillation, where the heart quivers ineffectively, failing to pump blood.

Causes:

* Coronary artery disease

* Heart attack

* Arrhythmias

* Congenital heart defects

* Severe electrolyte imbalances

* overdose

Signs & symptoms:

* Sudden collapse

* No pulse or breathing

Loss of consciousness

* Sometimes, gasping or seizures

Diagnosis:

* ECG (Electrocardiogram)

* Blood tests

* Imaging if needed

Treatment:

1. Immediate Response:

Call emergency services.

* Start CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation).

* Use an AED (Automated External Defibrillator) if available.

2. Hospital Care:

* Advanced life support (e.g., intubation, medications like epinephrine).

* Treat underlying causes (angioplasty for blockages, pacemaker for rhythm control).

snake bite treatment and research

 Introduction

Every snake is not poisonous, but some snake venom bite are heavily poisonous and toxic which can damage our blood cell, nervous system,muscles 

Types of snake bite

1.Dry bite- snake bite to person or other living thing but does not release venom is known as snake dry bite.

2.venomous bite - when snake bits to person and release its venom in body know as venomous bite.

Types of snake venom.

1 cytotoxic- this venom destroy tissue and body muscles

2 hemo toxic- this venom damage blood and blood vessels.

3 neurotoxic - this venom effectes brain and nerves.

Causes

1. Wondering in jungle or high grass area without proper foot wares.

2. Caching the snake without proper knowledge

3. Walking in snake areas.

4 staping up on snake by mistake.

5. Giving trouble to them.

Symptoms

1.High paine and swaling on snake bite place and portion.

2.  fang mark means tow teeth bit mark on bite place.

3. Naushia, vometing , bleeding from gum 

4. Feeling breathless because of neurotoxic venom.

5. Dropping eyelid.

6. In sevour case paralysis or unconscious.

Diagnosis 

1. It's depends on clinical signs and symtoms.

2. blood bleeding and clotting known as ( BT/CT).

3.Some blood test like CBC, LFT, urine routine, coagulation profile.

Treatment

1. Anti- snake venom (ASV) - snake venom antidote.

2. Don't tiee tourniquet on snake bite portion.

3. Don't swez the bite portion.

4. NSAID s | IV fluids | tetanus prophylaxis | oxygen support.